The birth of the concept of hybrid cars aiming to control the rate of use of fuel oil (BBM) that produce CO2. Exhaust gases of combustion in motor vehicles contributed 20% of the total emissions of fossil energy user. These conditions have significant environmental damage. This hybrid car technology is desirable because it has the effect of reduced CO2 emissions into the environment.
The development of automobile technology, encourage the formation of a society driven (sustainable mobility). Due to sustainable mobility needs of this comes a new problem for humans include global temperature rise, the problem of non-renewable oil fuels and environmental pollution. This is a challenge which it must be solved by the car industry. And given answer is the hybrid technology.
Starting in 1970, Toyota made a breakthrough of new technology with a hybrid car. Toyota's hybrid technology is growing rapidly with the release of car products using Toyota Hybrid System (THS), among others THS series C for the Estima minivan and THS M for sedan Crown series. In 2003, Toyota released the new version of the THS-II for the Prius sedan.
It's not outdone by Toyota, other companies also released a hybrid car technology to the market. Honda released the Honda Insight and Civic hybrid in 1999 in 2003, and it's subsequently with the latest product of Honda Accord in 2004. Several other companies also released a hybrid car products, such as the Ford Escape hybrid SUV, and Nissan with its Altima sedan, and much more.
This hybrid technology as the name implies a technology that grafting or combine two energy sources cars from fuel and electricity generated from the electric motor. Not ruled out for the use of this technology is a combination of battery energy and energy from the electric motor or between other energy. The combination of energy sources for hybrid technology will color the eco-car technology in the future.
This type of hybrid system
Hybrid system applied by some car industry can be divided into three, namely the series hybrid system, a parallel hybrid system, and the combined series and parallel hybrid system.
Series hybrid system (1 motor and clutch). Series hybrid system is to use engines (engine) and one motor, where the engine produces power to drive electric motors. Power from this motor used to drive the wheels (WD, wheel drive) and fill out an electric current in battery backup. When the required additional power (torque) to crucify or uphill, electric motors will work with getting power from the engine and battery.
Parallel hybrid system (engine and a motor). This system is a hybrid system where the engine and electric motor connected to the power / drive train work to run in parallel. Electric motors will require additional work when the engine torque, such as when overtaking or when it climbs. This system is applied in car production Honda.
Combined system of series and parallel hybrid (engine and 2 motors).
This combined system is an advanced version of the two systems above. Engines and motors can work together or alternately in accordance with the conditions demand torque. The machine will move the WD and fill batteries. While the motor has the same function with the engine, to drive the WD when it's needed to fill current and battery function. This system is used by Toyota and Ford.
In the series and parallel hybrid systems, motor function is as a backup and provide additional power when it's needed, so the car's fuel consumption is not much different from the usual car engine. Only when delivering full acceleration and uphill road, the car feels comfortable using this system.
While the parallel or 2 motor system, although its fuel consumption is economical, but the acceleration of the car feels slow when full Aksel or ramp. Hybrid cars like this type of saving and convenient for vehicles in the city.
The three hybrid system as previously described, each has different advantages and disadvantages in accordance with the use of a car. For travel within the city, because of the many traffic hours (traffic signs) causes the frequency of use of the brakes and Aksel high, then the system such as the Toyota Prius hybrid would be very beneficial. Fuel Consumption for Toyota Prius recorded the most economical, which is about 38 km / liter.
As for inter-city travel, travel distance on the highway, or travel up and down through the mountains, like the Honda Accord hybrid system more profitable. This is because the driver is not too tired because of frequent stepping on the gas pedal and brake.
Scenario of Synergy Drive
The presence of hybrid technology is for being successfully rolled out with the success of automobile technology, giving terms of two functions, namely comfort in driving (fun to drive) and environmentally friendly. Comfort in driving demand fulfillment capabilities that car is running smooth and comfortable. Leisure is not only the benefits of seat or car seat, but it's more focused on the softness of engines and transmission systems. From the side it takes the use of environmentally friendly energy sources with the super-efficient hybrid technology.
The concept which it contains the function fun to drive and environmentally friendly, called Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD). HSD is a future car concept which it's digesa by Toyota. Some of the agenda promoted to roll out this concept include:
-It's better to make superior engine vehicles to be hybrid cars
-Minimize the fuel consumption of hybrid cars
-Minimize time velocity acceleration 0-100 km / h (under 8 seconds)
-Lose weight electric motors and cars as a whole (weight down)
-Make easy for Life Cycle Assessment
-Lower levels of exhaust gas emissions with green engine technology
Related to this HSD, Toyota brings hybrid vehicle dynamics integrated management (H-VDIM) with increased functionality NVH (Noise, Vibration and Harshness), 42 V electric power steering (EPS), anti-lock braking system (ABS), tracking control ( TRC), vehicle stability control (VSC) and others.
In the process, some standards for low emission cars have been made. As in America, have created a standard SULEV (Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle) to limit emissions and to target the engines that support the activities of eco-green. More specifically, the state of California has adopted a zero emission regulation (California Zero-Emission Vehicle Regulations) in 2003 that targets ZEH sharing 4% of vehicles on the market. While in Europe encouraged the improvement of fuel consumption to 25% by implementing policies NEDC (New European Driving Cycle).
Challenges ahead
Hybrid cars still includes new technology, so the extra effort required for demand by the public. For that various stakeholders both industry, government and employers should jointly think about it. First, the industry must be able to make this hybrid car into mass production, using common materials but work together, engage in cost down, and opening the fields of production in developing countries so that the production cost can be suppressed.
Operating above the industry will give effect to the employers so they can sell it to the market at a price affordable to the public. Meanwhile, the government, the need for regulations that restrict the use of oil-fueled cars and also provide an incentive for the pamakai hybrid cars such as the reduction of vehicle tax, vehicle license renewal according to age LCA hybrid cars, and several other measures that encourage memasyarakatnya hybrid car.
Today, the target marketing of hybrid cars in addition to Japan are the countries of Europe and North America and Canada. Furthermore it is possible targets Asian market will be greater. From market research, until the year 2010 is estimated the U.S. market will be able to sell up to 500 thousand units per year. While the percentage of hybrid car market in 2008 estimated 21% in mainland Europe, 42% in the United States and Canada, the remaining 37% in the Asia Pacific region.
